How to write a good scientific paper for publication Writing Compelling Papers

total carbon concentration on U(VI) adsorption.


Figures
List key points for figure, determine order, rationale for order and confer with colleagues.
Outlines Choose a title, list sections, theme sentences, and figures. Remember to describe in this order. "Why you did it, How you did it, and What you learned". Don't write the section, until the outline is OK by the PI or project leader. Reduce writing delays by remembering not to write the perfect sentence the very first time. First put down all you wanted to say and then tighten text. Get acceptance of other authors on the authorship order and their critique. Get it read by a few lab mates.
Submit to PI Should be in the final stages (references, number of words, and figures).
While waiting to hear from PI, learn on-line submission requirements, assemble a list of potential reviewers, and draft a cover letter. Print check figures and get them ready for online submission.

Presenting data without interpretation
Heart rate was 100 beats per minute after digitalis was added ( Figure 3)

Correct I
Heart rate increased to 100 beats per minute after digitalis was added ( Figure 3)

Correct II
Heart rate increased from 60 to 100 beats per minute after digitalis was added ( Figure  3)

Purpose/Questions Experimental approach Results Interpretations
To establish if… ..we did … We found… , indicating that… To determine … X was subjected to… We observed … , consistent with… Substance X was tested to….
..by/using … We detected … ' which indicates that… For the purpose of XYZ… ABC was performed.. Experiment X showed ..

Our results indicated that…
Good examples of data interpretation I

To examine whether the recombinant Newcastle disease virus (rNDV) AF2240 bearing a transgene of green fluorescence protein (GFP) (rNDV-GFP)(X. Cheng et al., 2016) will persistently infect the established persistent bladder cancer cell lines, both TCCSUPPi vs TCCSUP (control) and EJ28Pi vs EJ28 (control) were re-infected with rNDV-GFP at MOI of 1. Since the recombinant NDV carries an inserted GFP within its genome, it is expected that the persistent cell lines will express the green fluorescence upon viral replication in the cells. At 24 hours post-infection, the cells were monitored
for detecting the expression of GFP. As shown in Figure 4.

13, control cells (TCCSUP and EJ28) were mostly infected by the rNDV especially the EJ28 cells as demonstrated by the large majority of GFP-expressing cells (top right panel A & B). Conversely, the persistently infected cells (TCCSUPPi and EJ28Pi) showed low level of GFP-expressing cells, indicating that some of the viral persistent cells are either resistant to re-infection by rNDV-GFP or are unable to express the GFP transgene within the 24 hours post infection (Figure 4.13; bottom panels A & B).
[Ahmad et al (2020) unpublished work ]

Common problems in Results
The most common problems in results are

Common problems in methods
The most common problems in methods section are State the answer based on your findings in opening sentence of the Discussion. Restate the purpose of the study (optional).

Middle paragraphs Explain how your findings fit into what is known in the field. Tell your readers what you think your results mean and how strongly you believe in them.
Organise it from most to least important and explain the science Compare and contrast your results with those found by others

Last paragraph
Analyse the most important results and the significance of your work Summarise and generalise why the contribution of your study is important overall, in your field, outside your field, and for society.

Common problems in & Best ways in Discussions
The most common problems in Discussion are • Not providing the answer/interpretation of your findings in the first paragraph

The Introduction
Overall: -• Begin with the broadest scope and get progressively narrower but do not review literature • Provide contextual background information for the readers • Tell the reader why you did the study • May contain or repeat some parts of the Abstract Content & Organization:-• Follow "funnel" structure by including: -Background -Unknown/Problem -Questions/study aims/purpose -Experimental approach -Results /Conclusion/Significance (optionally).

The Introduction…
Keep it short: -• One to two double-spaced pages (about 250-600 words) • Check the instructions to authors of your target journals to ensure you are within the word limits.
• Most research papers are investigative

Example of good Introduction
Broad background In mammals, the auditory hair cells of the inner ear are the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Two functionally and anatomical distinct types of mammalian auditory hair cells exist; inner and outer har cells. Outer hair cells do not send neural signals to the brain, but they mechanically amplify low-level sound that enters the inner ear [1]. The amplification is powered by an electrically driven motility of their cell bodies [2].

Specific background
The molecular basis of this mechanism is thought to be the motor protein prestin, which is embedded in the lateral membrane of the outer hair cells. Mammalian prestin is an 80kDa, 744 amino acid membrane protein whose function appears to depend on chloride channel signaling [3,4]. Although prestin has been researched Unknown/Problem intensively, its molecular function has not been fully established.
[Hofmann (2010);  Example of good question/study aim q To determine if the triggered cellular processes affect the rRNA structure and folding dynamic in vivo,… q Here we asked how rheumatic fever influences heart rate q In this study, we show that a sequential scheme of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation can generate circadian oscillations.
q Here we examine the effects of total carbon concentration on U(VI) adsorption. q Here we describe a novel bacterial protease, Ecpro-3.
q We examined the structure of the bacterial ribosome in complex with tetracycline.

Template and common problems in intro
Paragraph 1: What we know Paragraph 2: What we don't known The most common problems in Introduction are • Overview sentences • Too narrowed background/context • Excessive length •`Missing elements such as; problems, questions, experimental approach.