Gano wani sauyayye uku mai saurin yaɗuwa domin juriya mai ƙarfi na rayuwa a cikin Anopheles gambiae yana ba da gwajin ƙwayoyin halita cikin lokaci domin aikewa da rigakafin zazzaɓin cizon sauro.

Juriyar maganin ƙwari yana ba da babbar barazana ga sarrafa cututtukan da sauraye masu sa zazzaɓin cizon sauro ke haifarwa da kuma fahimtar iyawar al'ummomi domin nuna saurin juyin halitta ga zaɓi na zamani.

Magance zazzaɓin cizon sauro ya dogara sosai kan aikewa da magungunan feshi na pyrethroid, musamman a cikin gidan sauro masu ƙarƙo (LLINs), amma juriya a cikin manyan sauruka masu sa zazzaɓin cizon sauro ya ƙaru a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata tare da faɗaɗar rarrabawar LLIN mai ban mamaki.

Gano hanyoyin ƙwayoyin gado waɗanda ke haifar da juriya mai girma a cikin sauruka, waɗanda kusan gaɗayansu za su iya shawo kan tasirin maganin feshi na pyrethroid, yana da mahimmanci domin haɓakawa da tura kayan aikin karya juriyar.

Amfani da bayanan ilahirin ƙwayoyin gadon Anopheles gambiae guda 1000 (Ag1000g) mun gano tabbatattu na kwanan nan a cikin sauruka daga ƙasar Uganda wanda aka keɓe zuwa gungu na ƙwayoyin gadon P450 na cytochrome, gami da wasu galibi da aka sani suna da juriya.

Ƙarin tambaya ya bayyana gadaddun ƙwayoyin gado na iyaye ɗaya waɗanda suka ƙunshi nau’i uku na sauye-sauye, sauyi maras ma'ana a cikin Cyp6p4 (I236M), shigar da wani sashi mai kama da Zanzibar (TE) da kwafi na ƙwayar gadon Cyp6aa1.

Ga alama sauye-sauyen sun samo asali kwanan nan a cikin An. gambiyae daga yankin iyakar Kenya da Uganda da ke kusa da Tafkin Victoria, tare da maye gurbin sauyayyu-biyu (Zanzibar-kamar TE da Cyp6p4-236M) tare da gadaddun ƙwayoyin gado na iyaye ɗaya sauyayyu-uku (ciki har da kwafin Cyp6aa1), wanda ya bazu zuwa Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Congo da kuma Tanzania.

Gadaddun ƙwayoyin gado na iyaye ɗaya na sauyayye sau uku suna da alaƙa mai ƙarfi tare da ƙara yawan bayyanar da ƙwayoyin gado da ke iya daidaita maganin feshi na pyrethroids kuma yana da ƙarfi da hasashen juriya ga maganin feshi na pyrethroids musamman deltamethrin, wani maganin ƙwari na LLIN da aka saba amfani da shi.

Mahimmanci, an sami ƙaruwar mace-mace a cikin sauruka masu ɗauke da sauyi sau uku lokacin da aka saka su a gidajen sauro da aka haɗa tare da synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO).

Yawan nau’in gadaddun ƙwayoyin gado na iyaye ɗaya uku-uku sun kasance suna canzawa a sarari a cikin ƙasashe, wanda hakan yana ba da shawarar ingantaccen tsarin alama don jagorantar yanke shawarar tura ƙayyadaddun kayayyaki na PBO-pyrethroid tare da LLINs a cikin ƙasashen Afirka.

Masana kimiyya sun ce ƙara “PBO” a gidan sauro zai iya taimakawa wajen ɗauke zazzaɓin cizon sauro a wasu wuraren

Kwafe-kwafe na ƙwayar gadon Cyp6aa1 sun zama ruwan dare a cikin An. gambiyae a duk faɗin Afirka, kuma idan aka yi la’akari da ayyukan sinadaran ƙara kuzari na rayuwa, mai yiwuwa ya zama bincike mai amfani ga matakan juriya na maganin feshi na pyrethroid.

Wasu saurukan da suke yaɗa zazzaɓin cizon sauro suna daidaita ƙwayoyin gado domin zama masu juriya ga magungunan ƙwari na yau da kullun.

Hakan na nufin sun tsira daga sinadarai masu kisa da ake saka wa a cikin gidajen sauro, wanda ke jefa mutane da yawa cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro.

Masu binciken yanzu sun gano wasu daga cikin sauye-sauye na ƙwayoyin gado da ka iya haifar da wannan karɓuwa.

Sun ce ƙara wani sinadari mai suna piperonyl-butoxide (PBO) a gidan sauro zai iya taimakawa wajen sarrafa aƙalla nau’in sauro mai juriya guda ɗaya.

Zazzaɓin cizon sauro cuta ce mai saurin kisa da wasu nau’in sauruka suke ɗauke da ita.

Ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin rigakafin cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro da aka fi amfani da shi kuma yana da tasiri sosai shi ne gidan sauro wanda ake samar da shi feshe da pyrethroid.

Maganin feshi na Pyrethroid wani nau’in maganin ƙwari ne, wanda wani abu ne da ake amfani da shi domin kashe ƙwari kamar sauruka.

Abin baƙin ciki, sauruka da yawa sun daidaita domin tsira daga mganin feshi na pyrethroid, ma’ana cewa waɗannan gidajen sauron ba su da tasiri wajen magance zazzaɓin cizon sauro a wasu wurare.

Masu bincike sun so su san ainihin abin da ya sauya a cikin ƙwayar halittar DNA ta sauruka masu juriya da suke ba su damar gujewa maganin feshi na pyrethroid.

Suna so ne su gano ƙwayoyin gado na musamman da suke haifar da wannan sabon yanayin juriya na maganin feshi na pyrethroid, da kuma yadda ita juriyar take aiki da kanta (hanyarta).

A wani ɓangaren, suna so ne su tantance yadda jikin sauro yake iya daidaitawa, ko sarrafa, maganin feshi na pyrethroid, tun da yawancin sinadarin na mutuwa ne.

Waɗannan masu binciken sun yi nazarin ƙwayoyin gadon sauruka na Anopheles gambiae, waɗanda suka zama ruwan dare a ƙasashen Kenya da Uganda da kuma sauran ƙasashen Afirka.

Da zarar sun gano ƙwayoyin gado na musamman da kuma hanyoyin da suke haifar da wannan juriya na maganin feshi na pyrethroid ga sauruka, sun yi ƙoƙarin ƙara wani sinadari daban a cikin gidajen sauron domin ganin ko saurukan za su ci gaba da rayuwa.

Masu binciken sun gano sauye-sauye guda uku waɗanda suke bai wa sauruka damar tsira daga maganin feshi na pyrethroid.

Sun ce sauye-sauye na iya amfanar da sauruka ta wasu hanyoyi ma, saboda da alama sun yaɗu cikin sauri a cikin al’ummar da masu binciken suka gwada.

Da alama sauye-sauyen sun taso ne a yankin iyakar ƙasar Kenya da Uganda da ke kusa da tafkin Victoria.

Sun kuma ce wannan sauyi sau uku ya bayyana yana ƙara bayyanar ƙwayoyin gado da ke iya daidaita maganin ƙwari, kuma sun yi hasashe sosai ikon yin juriya ga maganin feshi na pyrethroids.

A ƙarshe, sun ƙaddara cewa ƙara sinadarin piperonyl-butoxide (PBO) a pyrethroid a lokacin da ake kula da gidajen sauro ya fi tasiri wajen shawo kan juriyar waɗannan sauruka.

Binciken-binciken da aka yi a baya sun mayar da hankali ne a kan wasu ƙwayoyin gado na musammanbda masana kimiyya suke tunanin za su iya kasancewa masu haifar da juriyar maganin ƙwari.

Wannan binciken ya faɗaɗa bincike ne ta hanyar duba dubban ƙwayoyin gado domin gano sababbin sauye-sauye da aka saba samu a cikin sauruka masu juriya.

Masu binciken sun ce ba zai yiwu a sani daga bincikensu ko wane irin sauran tasirin sauye-sauyen da suka gano za su iya yi ba, ko kuma yadda kowane irin sauyi yake shafar juriya na pyrethroid.

Har ila yau, sun ce sauran nau’o’in sauro masu irin waɗannan sauye-sauyen suna da ƙarin juriya ga magungunan ƙwari na pyrethroid.

Duk da haka, ba a sani ba idan ƙara maganin ƙwari kamar PBO zai kashe waɗannan nau’o’in masu juriya ma.

Masu bincike daga Kenya da Uganda da Congo da Tanzaniya da Kilifi da Birtaniya da kuma Amurka sun haɗa kai a kan wannan binciken.

Sun mayar da hankali ne kan saurouka da aka samu a kan iyakar ƙasar Kenya da Uganda, kuma sabon ra’ayinsu na ƙara PBO a gidajen sauro zai iya ceton rayuka da dama a Afirka.